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The Colonial Period

1. John Smith: A Description of New England

2. William Bradford: Of Plymouth Plantation

3. John Winthrop: A Model of Christian Charity

4. Anne Bradstreet

Tenth Muse          Contemplations

To My Dear and Loving Husband     The Flesh and the Spirit

5. Edward Taylor

Huswifery       Upon a Spider Catching a Fly

6. Roger Williams

The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience

7. John Woolman: Journal

8. Thomas Paine

Common Sense   The American Crisis   The Rights of Man    The Age of Reason

9. Philip Freneau

The Rising Glory ofAmerica     The Wild Honey Suckle      The Indian Burying Ground

10. Charles Brockden Brown: An American Tale

American Puritanism: Religious idealism & levelheaded common sense

1.  Jonathan Edwards

The Freedom of the Will         The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended

The Nature of True Virtue        Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

2.       Benjamin Franklin

The Autobiography         Poor Richard’s Almanac

American Romanticism

1. Washington Irving

A History of New   York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, 

The Sketch Book: Rip Van Winkle    The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus

A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada

The Alhambra        Life of Goldsmith        Life of Washington

James Fenimore Cooper

The Spy

Leatherstocking Tales: The Pioneers     The Last of Mohicans   The Prairie

The Pathfinder    The Deerslayer

New England Transcendentalism

1.       Ralph Waldo Emerson

Nature     The American Scholar     The Representative Men

2.       Henry David Thoreau

Civil Disobedience      Walden       A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River

3.       Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Scarlet Letter          The House of the Seven Gables

Mosses from an old Manse      The Blithedale Romance       The Marble Faun

4.       Herman Melville

Moby Dick     Clarel     Typee     Omoo     Mardi     Redburn

White Jacket     The Confidence Man     Billy Budd

5.       Walt Whitman

Leaves of Grass     Song of Myself     There was a Child Went Forth

Cross Brooklyn Ferry

6.       Emily Dickinson

My Life Closed Twice before its Close        Wild Nights—Wild Nights

Mine—by the Right of the White Election      Death is a Dialogue between

To Fight Aloud       A Triumph Maybe      The Brain is Wilder than the Sky

I know that He exists                       The Beggar Lad Dies Early

If I Can Stop One Heart from Breaking        When I was Small a Woman Died

I Reckon When I Count at All                This is My Letter to the World

I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died

Age of Realism

1.  William Dean Howells 威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯 (1837-1920)

The Rise of Silas Lapham            A Modern Instance

A Hazard of New Fortunes

2.  Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯（1843-1916）

Daisy Miller                       The Golden Bowl

The Portrait of a Lady              The Turn of the Screw

The Ivory Tower                   The Sense of the Past

The Ambassadors                What Maisie Knew

Local colorism

1.       Mark Twain 美国文学之父

The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County  (national famous)

The Gilded Age  (his first novel)     The Adventures of Tom Sawyer  (美国文学里程碑)

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  (colloquial style)

Life on the Mississippi     A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court    

The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg

The Mysterious Stranger     Autobiography

Innocent Abroad      Roughing It     Pudd’nhead Wilson

The Prince and the Pauper     American Claimant

2.       Bret Harte

The Luck of Roaring Camp

3.       Hamlin Garland

Main-Traveled Roads     Crumbling Idols

4.       Harriet Beecher Stowe: Oldtown Folks

5.       Edward Eggleston: The Hoosier Schoolmaster

6.       Constance Fenimore Woolson: Castle Nowhere: Lake-Country Sketches

7.       Sarah Orne Jewett: Deephaven

8.       Kate Chopin  (女性主义作家)

Bayou Folk       A Night in Acadie       The Awakening

American Naturalism

1.       Stephen Crane

Maggie: A Girl of the Street      The Red Badge of Courage

The Open Boat  (短篇小说)     The Blue Hotel       An Experiment in Misery

The Black Riders  (his first book of poems)

2.       Frank Norris

McTeague  (第一部作品)

Trilogy: The Octopus     The Pit 

The Responsibilities of the Novelist

3.       Theodore Dreiser

Sister Carrie        Jennie Gerhardt

Trilogy of Desire  The Financier  The Titan  The Stoic

The Genius     An American Tragedy     The Bulwark

4.       Edwin Arlington Robinson  (自然主义诗人)

Man Against the Sky     Richard Corry      Miniver Cheevy     Flammonde

5.       Jack London

The Call of the Wild        White Fang        The Sea Wolf

Martin Eden               Love of Life  (短篇小说)

6.       O. Henry

The Gift of the Magi  The Necklace

7.       Sinclair: The Jungle

Naturalism

American naturalism came into being in the nineties of the 19th century. It is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing become less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence. Naturalism writers are Crane, Norris and Dreiser.

Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism, which appeared after 1830, marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first Renaissance in the American literary history. It refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Emerson, Thoreau and others, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the over-soul and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant. Actually transcendentalism is a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism.

Realism

Realism came in the latter half of the 19th century as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. It turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for common place and the low, and it offers an objective rather an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. A realistic writer is more objective than subjective, more descriptive than symbolic. Realists looked for truth in everyday truths. Some of the representatives are William Dean Howells and Henry James

Deism

Deism became popular during the 17th and 18th centuries - during the Age of Enlightenment - especially in The United Kingdom, France, and The United States of America. It is a religious philosophy which believes that religious truth is shown by reason applied to empirical events. Some of the typical writers include James Madison, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Ethan Allen and Thomas Paine. Influenced by deism were Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin.

American Puritanism

Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. American Puritanism stresses predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement from God's grace. But due to the grim struggle for living in the new continent, puritans become more and more practical. American Puritanism is so much a part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenets. Writers of Puritanism are Anne Bradstreet and Jonathan Edwards.

Local colorism

Local colorism came into being in the late 1860s and early 1870s. Mark Twain, Bret Harte and Hamlin Garland are local colorism writers. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.

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